Risk Factors:
Rheumatic heart disease
Signs and Symptoms:
- Symptoms of CHF (left and right side)
- Murmur: mid-diastolic rumble with opening snap at the apex
- Atrial fibrillation
- Pulmonary rales
- Increased intensity of S1 and P2
- Right ventricular heave
- Avoid inotropic agents
- Beta-blocker and diuretics
- Digoxins
- Anticoagulants
- Balloon valvuloplasty
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